Mineralocorticoids are known to directly affect which of the following?

Mineralocorticoids, primarily aldosterone, are hormones produced by the adrenal cortex that play a crucial role in regulating electrolyte balance in the body. They primarily influence sodium and potassium levels by promoting sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys. This action leads to an increase in blood volume and consequently affects blood pressure.

The focus of mineralocorticoids is on the electrolytes rather than glucose levels, cholesterol levels, or blood gas values. While other hormones like glucocorticoids might influence blood glucose, mineralocorticoids specifically target the regulation of electrolytes, making this the correct choice for the question. Their effect on electrolyte levels can also have secondary impacts on fluid balance and blood pressure regulation, but the primary function aligns directly with the maintenance of sodium and potassium homeostasis.