Mineralocorticoids directly affect which physiological factors?

Mineralocorticoids primarily influence the regulation of electrolyte levels, particularly sodium and potassium, which significantly impacts fluid balance and blood pressure. The key mineralocorticoid, aldosterone, promotes sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased water retention, elevated blood volume, and consequently higher blood pressure. By facilitating the excretion of potassium, mineralocorticoids also maintain optimal electrolyte balance within the body. This regulation not only affects overall fluid homeostasis but also plays a crucial role in cardiovascular health.

The other physiological factors listed do not directly result from the primary actions of mineralocorticoids. While blood pressure may be indirectly affected through electrolyte regulation, glucose metabolism and immune response are primarily influenced by glucocorticoids and other hormones rather than mineralocorticoids. Therefore, electrolyte levels are the most accurate choice reflecting the direct impact of mineralocorticoids.